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Ulysses (novel)
''Ulysses'' is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal ''The Little Review'' from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach in February 1922, in Paris. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature,〔 (review of Danius book).〕 and has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".〔Beebe (1971), p. 176.〕 According to Declan Kiberd, "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking." However, even such a proponent of ''Ulysses'' as Anthony Burgess described the book as "inimitable, and also possibly mad".
''Ulysses'' chronicles the peripatetic appointments and encounters of Leopold Bloom in Dublin in the course of an ordinary day, 16 June 1904.〔Keillor, Garrison, "(The Writer's Almanac )", 2 February 2010.〕 Ulysses is the Latinised name of Odysseus, the hero of Homer's epic poem ''Odyssey'', and the novel establishes a series of parallels between its characters and events and those of the poem (e.g., the correspondence of Leopold Bloom to Odysseus, Molly Bloom to Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus to Telemachus).
''Ulysses'' is approximately 265,000 words in length, uses a lexicon of 30,030 words (including proper names, plurals and various verb tenses), and is divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book has attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual "Joyce Wars". ''Ulysses''' stream-of-consciousness technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose — full of puns, parodies, and allusions — as well as its rich characterisation and broad humour, made the book a highly regarded novel in the modernist pantheon. Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday. In 1998, the American publishing firm Modern Library ranked ''Ulysses'' first on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.〔 This ranking was by the (Modern Library Editorial Board ) of authors and critics; readers ranked it 11th. Joyce's ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' was ranked third by the board.〕
==Background==
Joyce first encountered the figure of Odysseus/Ulysses in Charles Lamb's ''Adventures of Ulysses''—an adaptation of the ''Odyssey'' for children, which seemed to establish the Roman name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on the character, entitled "My Favourite Hero".〔Gorman (1939), p. 45.〕 Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature.〔Budgen (1972), p.〕 He thought about calling his short-story collection ''Dubliners'' by the name ''Ulysses in Dublin'',〔Borach (1954), p. 325.〕 but the idea grew from a story in ''Dubliners'' in 1906, to a "short book" in 1907,〔Ellmann (1982), p. 265.〕 to the vast novel that he began in 1914.
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